Reference Group
A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared. Ie: Demographic Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior a reference group.
Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characteristics and sociological attributes. It is the group to which the individual relates or aspires to relate himself or herself psychologically. It becomes the individual's frame of reference and source for ordering his or her experiences, perceptions, cognition, and ideas of self. It is important for determining a person's self-identity, attitudes, and social ties. It becomes the basis of reference in making comparisons or contrasts and in evaluating one's appearance and performance.
Reference groups provide the benchmarks and contrast needed for comparison and evaluation of group and personal characteristics. Robert K. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires.[1]8see Robert K. Merton and Alice S. Rossi 1968. "Contributions to the Theory of Reference Group Behavior," in R. K. Merton, ed., Social Theory and Social Structure, enlarged to include two new essays in Theoretical sociology. New York: The Free Press, pages 279-334.)
Reference groups are groups that people refer to when evaluating their [own] qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors.
— William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, Society in Focus, 2005.[2]
Reference groups act as a frame of reference to which people always refer to evaluate their achievements, their role performance, aspirations and ambitions. A reference group can be either from a membership group or non-membership group. An example of a reference group being used would be the determination of affluence. An individual in the U.S. with an annual income of $80,000, may consider himself affluent if he compares himself to those in the middle of the income strata, who earn roughly $32,000 a year.[3] If, however, the same person considers the relevant reference group to be those in the top 0.1% of households in the US, those making $1.6 million or more, then the individual's income of $80,000 would make him or her seem rather poor.[4][5]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_group)
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Reference groups are used in order to evaluate and determine the nature of a given individual or other group's characteristics and sociological attributes. It is the group to which the individual relates or aspires to relate himself or herself psychologically. It becomes the individual's frame of reference and source for ordering his or her experiences, perceptions, cognition, and ideas of self. It is important for determining a person's self-identity, attitudes, and social ties. It becomes the basis of reference in making comparisons or contrasts and in evaluating one's appearance and performance.
Reference groups provide the benchmarks and contrast needed for comparison and evaluation of group and personal characteristics. Robert K. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires.[1]8see Robert K. Merton and Alice S. Rossi 1968. "Contributions to the Theory of Reference Group Behavior," in R. K. Merton, ed., Social Theory and Social Structure, enlarged to include two new essays in Theoretical sociology. New York: The Free Press, pages 279-334.)
Reference groups are groups that people refer to when evaluating their [own] qualities, circumstances, attitudes, values and behaviors.
— William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, Society in Focus, 2005.[2]
Reference groups act as a frame of reference to which people always refer to evaluate their achievements, their role performance, aspirations and ambitions. A reference group can be either from a membership group or non-membership group. An example of a reference group being used would be the determination of affluence. An individual in the U.S. with an annual income of $80,000, may consider himself affluent if he compares himself to those in the middle of the income strata, who earn roughly $32,000 a year.[3] If, however, the same person considers the relevant reference group to be those in the top 0.1% of households in the US, those making $1.6 million or more, then the individual's income of $80,000 would make him or her seem rather poor.[4][5]
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_group)
Terjemah dari Google Terjemah:
Grup referensi adalah grup yang dibandingkan dengan individu atau grup lain. Yaitu: Sosiolog Demografis menyebut kelompok apa pun yang digunakan individu sebagai standar untuk mengevaluasi diri mereka sendiri dan perilaku mereka sendiri sebagai kelompok referensi.
Kelompok referensi digunakan untuk mengevaluasi dan menentukan sifat individu tertentu atau karakteristik kelompok lain dan atribut sosiologis. Ini adalah kelompok di mana individu berhubungan atau bercita-cita untuk menghubungkan dirinya secara psikologis. Ini menjadi kerangka referensi dan sumber individu untuk mengatur pengalaman, persepsi, kognisi, dan gagasan dirinya sendiri. Penting untuk menentukan identitas diri, sikap, dan ikatan sosial seseorang. Ini menjadi dasar referensi dalam membuat perbandingan atau kontras dan dalam mengevaluasi penampilan dan kinerja seseorang.
Kelompok referensi memberikan tolok ukur dan kontras yang diperlukan untuk perbandingan dan evaluasi karakteristik kelompok dan pribadi. Robert K. Merton berhipotesis bahwa individu membandingkan diri mereka sendiri dengan kelompok referensi orang yang menempati peran sosial yang diinginkan individu. [1] 8 melihat Robert K. Merton dan Alice S. Rossi 1968. "Kontribusi terhadap Teori Perilaku Grup Referensi, "dalam RK Merton, ed., Teori Sosial dan Struktur Sosial, diperluas untuk memasukkan dua esai baru dalam sosiologi Teoritis. New York: The Free Press, halaman 279-334.)
Kelompok referensi adalah kelompok yang dirujuk orang ketika mengevaluasi kualitas, keadaan, sikap, nilai, dan perilaku mereka sendiri.
- William Thompson & Joseph Hickey, Masyarakat dalam Fokus, 2005. [2]
Kelompok referensi bertindak sebagai kerangka acuan yang selalu dijadikan referensi orang untuk mengevaluasi pencapaian mereka, kinerja peran mereka, aspirasi dan ambisi. Grup referensi dapat berasal dari grup keanggotaan atau grup non-keanggotaan. Contoh kelompok referensi yang digunakan adalah penentuan kemakmuran. Seseorang di AS dengan penghasilan tahunan $ 80.000, dapat menganggap dirinya kaya jika ia membandingkan dirinya dengan mereka yang berada di tengah strata pendapatan, yang berpenghasilan sekitar $ 32.000 setahun. [3] Namun, jika orang yang sama menganggap kelompok referensi yang relevan adalah mereka yang berada di atas 0,1% rumah tangga di AS, mereka yang menghasilkan $ 1,6 juta atau lebih, maka pendapatan individu sebesar $ 80.000 akan membuatnya tampak agak miskin. [4 ] [5]
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